Blood lead and cadmium levels in a six hospital employee population. PESA study, 2009.

INTRODUCTION: Exposure to lead and cadmium is a public health problem due to the broad exposure to these toxic substances among the general population. The objective of this study is to determine blood lead and cadmium concentrations in a working population drawn from six university hospitals in Madrid, Getafe, Cartagena, Santiago de Compostela, Santander and Palma de Mallorca (Spain) and to identify associated factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 951 individuals participated in the study and were administered the standardized PESA® questionnaire regarding exposure to lead and cadmium. The blood lead and cadmium concentrations were measured by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction in Perkin-Elmer spectrometers, guaranteeing the transferability of the results. RESULTS: The median overall blood lead concentration was: 1.6 µg/dL (IQR: 0.9-2.7) and that of cadmium was: 0.21 µg/L (IQR: 0.10-0.50). There were significant differences in lead levels between men (2 µg/dL) and women (1.5 µg/dL), postmenopausal (2.6 µg/dL) and premenopausal women (1.1 µg/dL), and between participants who cooked in earthenware (2.1 µg/dL) and those who did not (1.5 µg/dL). The median of cadmium in women (0.24 µg/L) was higher than in men (0.11 µg/L) and was also higher in subjects who smoked (0.70 µg/L) than in non-smokers (0.13 µg/L). CONCLUSIONS: A reduction in blood lead and cadmium levels was observed with respect to previous studies carried out in Spain. Nevertheless, the results suggest there are certain factors which increase risk such as age, gender, menopause, age of housing, cooking in lead-glazed earthenware and exposure to cigarette smoke.

Competencias. Construyendo desde la práctica / Competences: constructing these from within one´s practice

experiencia práctica de desarrollo de competencias como consecuencia de la gran inquietud que existía entre todas las enfermeras del Bloque Quirúrgico de un hospital en cuanto a unificar criterios de actuación con el objetivo de ofrecer cuidados de calidad

This article relates a practical experience in the development of competences as a consequence of the great anxiety which exists among the nurses in one hospital´s Surgical Ward regarding how to unify treatment criteria in order to comply with their objective of offering quality care

[Competences: constructing these from within one's practice]. / Competencias. Construyendo desde la práctica.

This article relates a practical experience in the development of competences as a consequence of the great anxiety which exists among the nurses in one hospital's Surgical Ward regarding how to unify treatment criteria in order to comply with their objective of offering quality care.